Data Types

Datatypes⌗

Datatype	Description	Examples
Integer	64Bit int number	1, 100, 1000
String	Text, multiple and single characters	`"John, Doe"`, `"A"`, `"!!!"`
Bool	Booleans	`true`, `false`
Array	Loosely typed list which contains any of the above type	[1,2,3], [a,b,1,2]
Hash	Loosely typed Key Value Pair which contains any of the above type	{“name”: “John Doe”, “age”: 100}

Printing⌗

The println or print keyword prints all arguements to the standard outstream. Our current knowledge of esolang can be applied to create an Hello, World example.

println("Hello, World");

Evaluation Expressions⌗

Invoking the interpreter can easily be done via two ways

The builtin repl
A file with the .eso extension.

The Repl⌗

The repl accepts all valid eso expressions. Running the aforemetioned Hello, World can be done in the repl like so:

$ esolang -repl

Hello username! Welcome to esolang's repl
Feel free to type in commands
Type '.help' for assistance

>>print("Hello, World")
INFO:  Hello, World
>>

Eso File⌗

These are recognisable files to esolang. They usually have the .eso file extension. Running Hello, World in an esofile would look something like this:

touch ./hello.eso
echo "println("Hello, World")" > ./hello.eso

esolang ./hello.eso
"Hello, World"

Comments⌗

Single line comments are supported in esolang

// this is a comment - parser skips this line

Arithmetic Operations⌗

Arithmentic expressions are evaluated with the operation precedence in mind.

Operator	Description	Example
`+`	Sums left & right	let sum = 1 + 1 -> 2
`-`	Differences of left & right	let diff = 10 - 5 -> 5
`*`	Product of left & right	let product = 2 * 2 -> 4
`/`	Quotient of left & right	let quotient = 10 / 2 -> 5
`%`	Remainder of left & right	let remainder = 10 % 3 -> 1

Comparison Operations⌗

Comparison operations are used to compare two values. They return a boolean value.

Operator	Description	Example
`==`	Equality of left & right	1 == 1 -> true
`!=`	Inequality of left & right	1 != 2 -> true
`>`	Greater than left & right	2 > 1 -> true
`<`	Less than left & right	1 < 2 -> true

Logical Operations⌗

Logical operations are used to combine multiple boolean values.

Operator	Description	Example
`&&`	Logical AND of left & right	true && true -> true
`-	`	Logical OR of left & right	true	false -> true
`!`	Logical NOT of right	!true -> false

Variables⌗

Variables are used to store values. They are declared using the let keyword.

let name = "John Doe";
let age = 100;
let isAdult = true;
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
let hash = { name: "John Doe", age: 100 };

Control Flow⌗

Control flow statements are used to control the flow of the program. They include:

if statements
else statements
while loops

If Statements⌗

If statements are used to execute a block of code if a condition is true.

let age = 100;

if (age > 18) {
  println("You are an adult");
}

Else Statements⌗

Else statements are used to execute a block of code if the condition in the if statement is false.

let age = 10;

if (age > 18) {
  println("You are an adult");
} else {
  println("You are not an adult");
}

While Loops⌗

While loops are used to execute a block of code as long as a condition is true.

let i = 0;

while (i < 10) {
  println(i);
  let i = i + 1;
}

Functions⌗

Functions are used to group code into reusable blocks. They are declared using the fn keyword.

let add = fn(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

let result = add(1, 2);
println(result); // 3

Hashes⌗

Hashes are used to store key-value pairs. They are declared using curly braces {}.

let person = { name: "John Doe", age: 100, siblings: ["Jane Doe", "Jack Doe"] };

Accessing hashes and array elements

Elements in a hash can be accessed using the key and elements in an array can be accessed using the index.

let person = { name: "John Doe", age: 100, siblings: ["Jane Doe", "Jack Doe"] };

println(person["name"]); // John Doe
println(person["age"]); // 100
println(person["siblings"][0]); // Jane Doe

let arr = [1, 2, 3];
println(arr[0]); // 1